SDGs Progress in Indonesia
By Rangga, Cempaka Izza, andBayu
Edited by SNU ARIC
Overview
Country Profile : Indonesia
Source: hktdc.infogram.com
SDGs Score
Indonesia ranks 97th out of 165 countries for overal performance in achieving SDGs with statistical performance index of 72.2 and overall country score of 66.3 which is slightly higher than regional score (65.7). The report indicates that Indonesia is on track to achieve several SDGs targets but there are also several goals that are stagnating and need government interventions (Sustainable Development Report, 2021).
Targetted Goals
Based on the Indonesia's SDGs Road Map, the government focuses on 3 goals:
Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
The government believes that by achieving these goals, it will facilitate the achievement of other goals targets especially regarding eradicating hunger and malnutrition, inclusive economic growth, poverty, and decent work for all.
Data and Comparison
For the visualization, we use data from several sources:
World Bank
UNSTATS
sdg.org
Badan Pusat Statistik (Statistics Indonesia)
We also try to compare Indonesia's data with other 5 ASEAN-member countries which are Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Viet Nam.
SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Target 3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births
Indicator 3.1.1 Maternal mortality ratio
Description: The estimated number of women, between the age of 15-49, who die from pregnancy-related causes while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, per 100,000 live births. (sdgindex.org)
Based on UNSTATS report, in 2017, there were 177 cases of maternal death for every 100,000 live births. According to Statistics Indonesia reports, the islands of Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, and Papua still have the highest maternal mortality rate in Indonesia with bleeding and infection as the direct causes of high maternal mortality (BPS, 2019). Although there is a downward trend towards meeting the maternal death target in 2019 of 306 (Presidential Decree 59/2017, 2017), Indonesia is still lagging behind the other five comparison countries.
Indicator 3.1.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel
Description: The percentage of births attended by personnel trained to give the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period, to conduct deliveries on their own, and to care for newborns. (sdgindex.org)
From 2013 to 2019, the birth of a baby who was assisted by trained health workers continue to increase. In that period, the proportion of ever-married women aged 15-49 whose last birth was assisted by trained health workers is already at more than 90 percent. In 2019, the percentage of deliveries assisted by professional health personnel reached 94.7%, but still lower than the targeted percentage of 95% (Presidential Decree 59/2017, 2017).
Target 3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 lives
Indicator 3.2.1 Under-five mortality rate
Description: The probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year, per 1,000 live births. (sdgindex.org)
Nationally the under-five mortality rate for both gender based on the results from 2010 to 2019 has decreased. The socio-economic characteristics that affect the infant mortality rate include low maternal education, poor households, and the mother's age giving birth is too old or too young (BPS, 2019). Since 2015, the target of this indicator, namely a mortality rate of 24 per 1,000 live births (Presidential Decree 59/2017, 2017), has been achieved. Of the five comparison countries, only the Philippines still has a worse score.
Indicator 3.2.2 Neonatal mortality rate
Description: The number of newborn infants (neonates) who die before reaching 28 days of age, per 1,000 live births (sdgindex.org).
The newborn infants' mortality rate is an essential indicator to measure the achievement of the people's welfare of a country. Referring to the result, the demographic survey shows that there are 12 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2019. This means that Indonesia has met the national action plan, which targets 24 deaths per 1000 live births in 2019 (Presidential Decree 59/2017, 2017). In general, infant mortality in Indonesia is still high in the condition of mother's education not attending school or not completing elementary school, the mother is more than 40 years old and is in poor households (BPS, 2019). Similar to the under-five mortality rate indicator, the Philippines has the lowest score.
Target 3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases
Indicator 3.3.2 Tuberculosis incidence per 1,000 population
Description: The estimated rate of new and relapse cases of tuberculosis in a given year, expressed per 100,000 people. All forms of tuberculosis are included, including cases of people living with HIV (sdgindex.org).
Based on UNSTATS data, tuberculosis cases in Indonesia continued to decrease from 2010 until 2019. But yet, Indonesia is still one of the countries with the largest tuberculosis sufferers globally. Indonesia fell further from the targeted case of 245 in 2019 (Presidential Decree 59/2017, 2017). The high incidence of tuberculosis in Indonesia indicates that the community still has an increased risk of contracting TB due to unhealthy life's environmental and lifestyle factors (BPS, 2019).Indicator 3.3.3 Malaria incidence per 1,000 population
Based on the data from 2010 to 2019, Indonesia continues to experience a decline in the number of malaria cases. As of 2019, at least 2 out of 1,000 people in Indonesia are infected with Malaria. Indonesia itself is still a country with high morbidity and mortality rates due to Malaria. Climatic factors and a suitable environment to support Anopheles mosquitoes as disease carriers Malaria breeds well.
Target 3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being
Indicator 3.4.1 Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease
Description: The probability of dying between the ages of 30 and 70 years from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory diseases, defined as the percent of 30-year-old-people who would die before their 70th birthday from these diseases, assuming current mortality rates at every age and that individuals would not die from any other cause of death (e.g. injuries or HIV/AIDS) (sdgindex.org).
The UNSTATS report shows that mortality rate due to cardivascular disease, cancer, diabetes, or chronic respiratory disease for people aged 30 to 70 years old reached 26.1% in 2019. The mortality rate is the highest compared to other 5 ASEAN-member countries. The mortality rate of male was higher than that of women, which was 28.9% while the female mortality rate was 23.2%.
Indicator 3.4.2 Suicide mortality rate
The UNSTATS report shows that the suicide rate in Indonesia reached 2.4 per 100,000 population in 2019, meaning two people will commit suicide out of every 100,000 people in Indonesia. This ratio tends to be stable from 2010 to 2015 and 2019. The suicide rate of males in Indonesia in 2019 was higher than that of women, which was 3.7, while the female suicide rate was 1.1 per 100 thousand population. Compared to the other five countries, the suicide rate in Indonesia is still low, while Singapore has the highest rate among the compared countries.
Target 3.6 By 2030, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents
Indicator 3.6.1 Death rate due to road traffic injuries
Description: Estimated number of fatal road traffic injuries per 100,000 people (sdgindex.org).
The rate of traffic accidents resulting in death in Indonesia in the last ten years has not changed significantly. Eleven cases were recorded per 100,000 population with a male predominance in 2019. Several factors cause traffic accidents; as many as 61% of accidents occur due to human factors, 30% are infrastructure factors, and 9% are factors for fulfilling roadworthiness requirements (CNBC Indonesia, 2021). But even so, compared to neighboring countries, Indonesia still has a better score.
Target 3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable
Indicator 3.8.1 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable
Description: Coverage of essential health services (defined as the average coverage of essential services based on tracer interventions that include reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases and service capacity and access, among the general and the most disadvantaged population). The indicator is an index reported on a unitless scale of 0 to 100, which is computed as the geometric mean of 14 tracer indicators of health service coverage (sdgindex.org).
From 2010 to 2017, Indonesia had the lowest index value regarding achieving universal health coverage compared to Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, Vietnam, and the Philippines. However, Indonesia is considered to have made improvements in various sectors related to this indicator, although it is still far from the long-term objective for this indicator, namely the value of 100 (sdgindex.org).
Target 3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination
Indicator 3.9.3 Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning
The UNSTATS report shows that the mortality rate due to unintentional poisoning in Indonesia reached 0.3 per 100,000 population in 2019. This ratio tends to be stable from 2010 to 2015 and 2019. The mortality rate of males in Indonesia in 2019 was higher than that of women, which was 0.5, while the female mortality rate was 0.1 per 100.000 population. Compared to the other five countries, the mortality rate in Indonesia is still relatively low, while Viet Nam has the highest rate among the compared countries.
Target 3.a Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate
Indicator 3.a.1 Age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and older
In Indonesia, smoking habits for smokers start at an early age and are dominated by men than women. Smoking prevalence at the age of fifteen years and over 2030 with scenario BAU (Business-As-Usual) is targeted at 15.95% (Bappenas). In fact, this target is still very far from the 2018 prevalence of 37.9%. Regarding this indicator, Indonesia's score can be said to be worst compared to the comparison countries.
Target 3.c Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States
Indicator 3.c.1 Health worker density and distributionThe graphs shows that in 2019, Denstist density and distribution was pretty low compared to other ASEAN-member countries. One dentist in Indonesia should treat more than 10.000 people. The same situation also happened to doctor density and distribution where 10.000 people should be treated by 4 doctors. The data also shows that Indonesia is currently experiencing insufficient number of dentists and doctors in Indonesia.
SDG 4: Quality Education
Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong education for all
Target 4.1. Ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes
The bar graph shows percentage of SDG indicator 4.1.1: "proportion of children and young people (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex", as part of SDG target 4.1 in 5 South East Asia countries. Indonesia presents fluctuated progress while Singapore gets the highest achievement.
Target 4.2 Ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre‑primary education so that they are ready for primary education
The line graph describes SGD Indicator 4.2.2: Participation rate in organized learning (one year before the official primary entry age), by sex. Indonesia has shown siginificant increase of participation rate in organized learning from 2010 to 2016. But, slightly decreased in 2018. However, Brunei Darussalam steadily increased.
Target 4.3 Ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university
The line graph shows ratio of participation rate in formal and non formal education and training as part of SDG target 4.3.1 which aims to ensure equal access for education. It can be seen Indonesia has shown gradual improvement compared to neighbourhood country, Viet Nam.
Target 4.5 Eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations
The graphs below describe various data related to the progress of Indonesia in achieving SDG indicator 4.5: Eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations.
Target 4.a. Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all
The graph shows indicator 4.a.1 in 5 different countries. It can be seen that Indonesia needs to build and upgrade more education facilities. On the contrary, Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam tend to present good achievement in implementing Goal 4.a: Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all.
Target 4.b. Substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries
Based on the graph Indonesia shows fluctuated progress in achieving SDG indicator 4.b. Expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries. However, in 2018, Philippines got the higest number.
SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
Targets
There are 5 main targets in this goal:
Target 7.1: By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services.
Target 7.2: By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.
Target 7.3: By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency.
Target 7.a: By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology.
Target 7.b: By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support.
Target 7.1: By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services
Indicator 7.1.1 Proportion of population with access to electricity.
For this indicator, the first graph shows that in 2019, more than 98% of Indonesia's population have access the to the electricity. Based on the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources report in 2020, East Nusa Tenggara Province is the only province in Indonesia that has electricity coverge for 85% of its population. and also based on the government action plan on SDGs, the Indonesian government targetted 96.6% population have access to the electricity by 2019. The second graphs shows that all citizens in Singapore, Malaysia, and Brunei Darussalam can access electricy 100%. For Philippines and Viet Nam, more than 90% of its citizens can have access to electricity.
Indicator 7.1.2 Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology.
In Indonesia this indicator is measured by comparing the number of household using gas to cook with the total household in the society. With this measurement, the Government knows the proportion of household utilizing gas as a clean and safe fuel to cook. Based on the data from national statistics agency, in 2020, the ratio of household utilizing gas to cook is 81.98.
On the right graph show that all the population in Brunei and Singapore rely 100% on the utilization of clean fuels and technology, and more than 95% of population in Malaysia.
Target 7.2: By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.
Indicator 7.2.1: Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption
Indonesia has several potential for renewable energy. The government tries to ulitize hydropower, geothermal, solar energy, and wind energy for power plants. However the proportion of renewable energy in the total final energy consumption is still low. As can be seen in the first graphs, the utilization of hydropower in the total energy consumption is only below 3% in 2018 and for geothermal is only 1.78% of total energy consumption in 2018. There three main reasons why the proportion of renewable energy is low: 1. it is expensive to produce power plant using renewable energy, so it cannot compete with fossil energy like coal. 2. there has been lack of support from local industry to use renewable energy. 3. financing.
Target 7.3: By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency
Indicator 7.3.1 Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and GDP
Energy intensity is an indication of how much energy is used to produce one unit of economic output. It shows how efficient the economy of a country utilizing energy to produce economic output. Lower ratio indicates that less energy is used to produce one unit of output. the first graph shows that Indonesia's energy intensity decreases every year. In 2018, it took 3.18 megajoule energy per constant 2017 USD at PPPP.
Target 7.a: By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology
Target 7.b: By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support
Indicator 7.b.1 Installed renewable energy-generating capacity in developing countries (in watts per capita) Installed renewable energy-generating capacity in Indonesia increases every year. In 2019, the capacity from installed reneable energy-generating is 36.44 watts per capita. if we compare it to other 5 ASEAN-member countries, the capacity generated from renewable energy is pretty low compared to Viet Nam or Malaysia.
Conclusion
In an effort to achieve the targets in the various goals of the SDGs, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia has appointed the Ministry of National Development Planning to be in charge. Various legal provisions, such as the Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 59 of 2017 concerning the Implementation of the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals, have been formally ratified and enforced to support government initiatives.
At least, in several indicators, such as access to electricity, maternal mortality ratio, under-five mortality rate, and neonatal mortality rate, Indonesia has achieved the value or even better than the target set by the government. Nevertheless, the Indonesian government still needs to pay close attention to the achievement of existing indicators with the aim of equitable national development. In this document, Indonesia's achievements are compared with those of the nearest neighboring countries, namely Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, and the Philippines. Although achieving the SDGs is not a competition between countries, it cannot be denied that these countries have a generally better level of achievement than Indonesia. For this reason, the Indonesian government needs to make maximum efforts to mainstream the achievement of the SDGs into more comprehensive development policies and involve the collaboration of all stakeholders.
References
Badan Pusat Statistic (Statistics Indonesia). https://www.bps.go.id/indikator/indikator/list_/sdgs_1/
Cambridge University Press. (2021). Sustainable Development Report 2021. https://s3.amazonaws.com/sustainabledevelopment.report/2021/2021-sustainable-development-report.pdf
Department of Economic and Social Affair, United Nation. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/unsdg and https://www.sdg.org/
Kementerian Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional/Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional. (2019). Peta Jalan SDGs Indonesia menuju 2030. https://sdgs.bappenas.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Roadmap_Bahasa-Indonesia_File-Upload.pdf
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